Rough Summer, Mild Winter?
Changing Pacific temperatures will give Midwest a break.
After this summer's record drought, will there be a brutal winter in the Midwest?
A climatologist with the University of Missouri (MU) is predicting a slightly warmer-than-normal winter and a little below-average precipitation.
"This is consistent with a weak El Niño pattern in the central Pacific," said Tony Lupo, chair of the Department of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Science in the School of Natural Resources. "The current El Niño is quite weak and may not even rate as one when all is said and done."
Lupo said the climate data for September 2012 shows a trend from a fading La Niña to a fragile El Niño pattern in the Pacific basin. The Equatorial sea surface temperatures there have a strong influence on weather patterns over North America. A persistent La Niña over the last two years was a major reason for the lack of rain over much of the United States.
An El Niño pattern typically causes a dry period in the Midwestern United States, while La Niña brings a wet period to that area. El Niño winters tend to be mild over the western United States and wet over the southern United States, Lupo added.
"The average temperature for December through February here in mid-Missouri, for example, is about 32.1° Fahrenheit," Lupo said. "I think it will range between 32°-34.5° this winter. This is based on a continued weak, almost nonexistent El Niño."
Normal snowfall is about 20 inches. "I think most people will see right around 15," Lupo said.
"Historically, a strong El Niño pattern has produced some very cold and dry weather — about 15% of the time," Lupo pointed out. "That depends on a trough sitting over the Midwest, though. I don't think that will happen."
The majority of models indicate that weak El Niño conditions will continue into the early winter, Lupo said. Based on historical records and computer models, there is the possibility of it strengthening around February.
Lupo's colleague, soil scientist Randy Miles, thinks the prediction of more rainfall is good news, but it isn't enough to undo the impact the summer drought wrought on cropland.
"Currently, we are still down about 11 inches of rain if you look at the rainfall over the last 12 months," Miles said. "From October to October, we have received roughly 29 inches of rain, compared to the usual 40 inches of rain that we receive here."
The rains that did fall have been helpful, but they have only been surface rains, he continued. "We need to get moisture into the deeper part of the ground so that we have some saved up for next summer, or we could see a repeat of the crop problems."
Miles said that average or less-than-average rainfall, along with warmer temps, could be a big problem, as any moisture that comes will not stay in the ground for long before it evaporates.
"It's not just about water for the plants, but water also aids in the decomposition of organic matter — which provides the soil with nutrients — and acts as a transporter for those nutrients to the plants. Without water, the soil will have less nutrients in the ground for the plants in the spring."
From a soils standpoint, Miles said the best-case scenario for the winter is above-average rainfall, high humidity, cloudy days and low temperatures.
"If we get all of this, the rain that does fall would eventually soak down deep into the soil and help provide some moisture for plants during drier times next summer," he said.
Editor's Note: Randy Mertens is coordinator of media relations for the University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources.
