Nighttime Feeding, Daytime Calving

It is time to begin the early evening feeding of the spring-calving cows.

by Glenn Selk, Oklahoma State University Extension

No matter when you calve your spring-calving herd, it is a good reminder to change the feeding schedule for part, if not all, of the spring-calving cow herd.

It is generally accepted that adequate supervision at calving has a significant effect on reducing calf mortality. Saving every calf is always important to the bottom line, but takes on additional urgency when profit margins are narrow. On most ranching operations, supervision of the first-calf heifers will be best accomplished in daylight hours and the poorest observation takes place in the middle of the night.

The easiest and most practical method of inhibiting nighttime calving at present is by feeding cows at night. The physiological mechanism is unknown, but some hormonal effect may be involved. Rumen motility studies indicate the frequency of rumen contractions falls a few hours before parturition. Intraruminal pressure begins to fall in the last two weeks of gestation, with a more rapid decline during calving. It has been suggested that night feeding causes intraruminal pressures to rise at night and decline in the daytime.

The concept is called the Konefal method. A Canadian rancher, Gus Konefal, reported his observations in the 1970s. In a follow-up Canadian study of 104 Hereford cows, 38.4% of a group fed at 8:00 a.m. and again at 3:00 p.m. delivered calves during the day, whereas 79.6% of a group fed at 11:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. actually calved during daylight hours. In a more convincing study, 1,331 cows on 15 farms in Iowa were fed once daily at dusk, 85% of the calves were born between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.

Kansas State University (K-State) scientists recorded data on five consecutive years in a herd of spring-calving crossbred cows at the K-State Agricultural Research Center at Hays, Kan. They recorded the time of calving to within the nearest one-half hour. Births that could not be estimated within an hour of occurrence were excluded. Cows were fed forage sorghum hay daily between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. For statistical purposes, the day was divided into four-hour periods.

It is interesting to note that 85.28% of the calves were born between 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. This is very similar to Iowa data when cows were fed at dusk. Feeding the forage in the early evening hours undoubtedly influenced the percentage of cows calving in daylight hours. (Jaeger and co-workers. Abstracts 2002 Western Section of American Society of Animal Science.)

At Oklahoma State University, with cows that had round-the-clock access to big round bales, but the supplement was fed at dusk, 70% of the calves were born in daylight hours. Some producers choose to put the big bales of hay inside a fenced pasture or lot. The gate to the hay area is opened in the evening to allow cows access to the hay bale(s), then the cows are herded out of haying area to another pasture the following morning to graze throughout the day.

Although the Konefal method does not let us completely skip the heifer checks in the middle of the night, this strategy should help us save more calves that need help at delivery and shortly thereafter.

Editor’s note: This article is reprinted with permission from the Dec. 16 Cow-Calf Corner, a newsletter published by the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service, for which Glenn Selk is an emeritus extension animal scientist. Photo by Anna King, 2019 NJAA/Angus Journal Photo Contest.