Dewormer Dilemma
The right questions can lead to the right parasite-control program.
The benefits of deworming your cattle are well-known: increased weight gains and breeding efficiency, reduced pasture contamination, improved immune status and more, according to the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine. However, it’s not as easy to know which deworming product to use.
“To reap these benefits and reduce the risk of resistance, it’s critical to use the most effective product at the most strategic times,” said Doug Ensley, professional services veterinarian with Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc. (BIVI). He recommends reviewing the following questions with your veterinarian. The answers will help you find the right parasite-control product for your operation.
- 1. What type of operation do you have? 2. What parasite problems have you had in the past?3. What have your deworming practices been in the past? Have you been satisfied?4. Have you tested the effectiveness of your dewormer using a fecal-egg-count reduction test?5. What climate do you live in? What are your parasite risks in the summer vs. winter?6. What has the season been like this year?7. What are your pasture management strategies?8. How do you manage your cattle?9. Do you process your cattle once per year or twice per year?10. Are you handling your calves prior to weaning?11. How do you market your calves? Do you hold them or sell them at weaning?
- 12. What are your grazing practices?
Understanding resistance issues
Understanding antiparasitic resistance is also important when considering your parasite-control options. Antiparasitic resistance is the genetic ability of parasites to survive the effects of an antiparasitic drug that was previously effective, and it continues to grow in U.S. cattle, says the FDA.
“We have little knowledge about the true extent of the problem,” said Ray Kaplan, professor at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine. “However, based on my own experience, testing operations and discussing with colleagues around the country, resistance in some species of parasites is a real problem and quite widespread.”
Several factors contribute to antiparasitic resistance:
- Parasite biology and genetics;
- Immune status of the host animal;
- Drug mode of action and efficacy; and
- Dose and frequency of treatments.
Managing “refugia” is a relatively new approach to tackling the issue, Kaplan said, and many producers may not understand it or be aware of its benefits. Refugia is the concept of leaving some internal parasites unexposed to a dewormer, essentially giving them refuge, and thereby reducing the drug-resistance selection pressure caused by the dewormer. It can help slow down the development of resistance.
Successful implementation of refugia may include:
- Not deworming all cattle when there are few parasite larvae on the pasture. In the South, this would be during the hottest part of the year, and in the North, during the coldest part of the year.
- Only deworming incoming cattle and leaving resident cattle untreated during extensive dry periods, when infection is low.
- Not using the same class of dewormer on resident cattle repeatedly.
- Not using a dewormer and then moving immediately to a clean pasture, as this will contaminate the new pasture with only resistant parasites.
- Not deworming at least 10% of the animals, known as “selective nontreatment.”
“For the selective nontreatment strategy to work, it’s critical that for the 90% you are deworming, the drug you use is highly effective,” Kaplan cautioned.
Also think about the advantages of available tests — a coproculture (technique of allowing parasite eggs to hatch and identify species of parasite involved) to identify which species you’re fighting, and a fecal egg count reduction to help determine how successful your program really is.
Editor’s Note: This article is from Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc.